Pancreas

The pancreas supports multiple vital processes in digestion, metabolism, and overall homeostasis:

• Exocrine Function: Produces digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, proteases) to break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
• Endocrine Function: Secretes hormones (insulin, glucagon, somatostatin) to regulate blood sugar
• Blood Sugar Regulation: Maintains stable glucose levels, supporting energy and organ function
• Digestive Support: Releases enzymes into the small intestine via the pancreatic duct
• Hormonal Coordination: Works with liver, gut, and other endocrine organs to balance metabolism

Key Takeaway

The pancreas is a metabolic and digestive powerhouse, bridging nutrient breakdown with blood sugar regulation and overall energy homeostasis.

Basic Structure

• Soft, elongated organ (~6–10 inches) located in the upper abdomen behind the stomach
• Divided into head, body, and tail

Major Regions

• Head: Nestled in the curve of the duodenum
• Body: Central portion behind the stomach
• Tail: Extends toward the spleen
• Pancreatic Ducts: Transport digestive enzymes into the duodenum

Protective Features

• Positioned retroperitoneally (behind the abdominal cavity) for protection
• Surrounded by connective tissue and nearby organs (stomach, liver, spleen) providing structural support

Blood Supply & Nerves

• Supplied by branches of the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries
• Drained by the portal venous system
• Innervated by the autonomic nervous system, regulating enzyme secretion and hormonal release

Key Takeaway

The pancreas’ location and dual structure allow it to efficiently coordinate digestion and blood sugar regulation, while remaining protected in the upper abdomen.

• The pancreas produces about 1.5 liters of digestive juice daily.
• Islets of Langerhans, making up only 1–2% of the pancreas, control blood sugar through hormone secretion.
• Insulin was discovered in 1921, revolutionizing diabetes treatment.
• The pancreas also secretes bicarbonate, neutralizing stomach acid entering the small intestine.
• Digestive enzymes are released in an inactive form to prevent self-digestion of the pancreas.

• Diabetes Mellitus: Chronic high blood sugar due to insulin deficiency (Type 1) or resistance (Type 2)
• Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas caused by alcohol, gallstones, or infection
• Pancreatic Cancer: Malignant tumor often detected late due to deep abdominal location
• Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency: Insufficient enzyme production, leading to poor nutrient absorption
• Cystic Fibrosis: Can impair pancreatic enzyme production and digestion

• Persistent Abdominal Pain or Upper Abdominal Discomfort
• Unexplained Weight Loss or Poor Nutrient Absorption
• Nausea or Vomiting
• Fatty, Oily, or Floating Stools
• Frequent Blood Sugar Fluctuations or Fatigue
• Digestive Issues (Bloating, Gas, Indigestion)

Source: Animated Pancreas Patient